Published in PLOS One on 2026-09-01, this study is presented as an attributed evidence briefing. The excerpts below are the original researchers’ words, reproduced under their Creative Commons Attribution licence. Health Signal has selected the abstract and, where needed, opening background paragraphs; the complete methods, results, limitations and references remain in the linked paper.
Original authors: Belay Merkeb Zewude, Wuletaw Tadesse Mekonnin, Desta Amensisa Tola, Negesse Bokona Rufe
Source: PLOS One • DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0357660
Read the complete primary study ↗ · Creative Commons Attribution licence
From the researchers
Abstract
Intestinal parasite infections have a significant impact on HIV patients and are a serious global public health concern. In Ethiopia, the frequency of intestinal parasites among HIV patients is significant. The prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated factors among HIV-positive patients in the study area is unknown. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated factors among HIV positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) at North Shoa public hospitals using direct wet mount, formol-ether concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining techniques.
A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV patients receiving ART at public hospitals in the North Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, from February 2024 to May 2024. A total of 493 participants were included using systematic random sampling methods. Socio-demographic data and other associated factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Stool specimens were collected in a clean container and examined for intestinal parasites. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections.
In this study, 61.1% of participants resided in rural areas, with a mean age of 43.26 years (SD = ±12.38). The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among HIV patients in this study was 28% (95% CI: 24.1–31.8). Rural residence (AOR: 14.38; 95% CI: 5.52–37.47, P = 0.001), CD4 count <200 cells/µL (AOR: 7.08; 95% CI: 2.33–21.59, P = 0.001), and unprotected water source (AOR: 12.90; 95% CI: 3.01–55.36, P = 0.001) were significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infection.
Intestinal parasitic infections were common among HIV/AIDS patients in North Shoa Zone hospitals. Rural residence, low CD4+ cell counts, and unprotected water sources were significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infections. Routine stool examination for patients with low CD4 + counts and improved access to safe drinking water, particularly in rural areas, are recommended. Further longitudinal studies with a comprehensive assessment of associated factors are recommended.
Background
In developing countries, intestinal helminths and protozoan parasitic infections are among the most common, with a significant morbidity and mortality rate [1]. The severity of intestinal parasite infections depends on several factors, including the immunological status of the individuals [2].
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) depletes CD4 cells, weakening a person’s immunity and thereby predisposing them to opportunistic infections [3]. Co-infections with other infectious agents, such as intestinal parasites, are particularly concerning because HIV infection remains a global public health concern. The development of moderate to severe infections, which are often asymptomatic or mild in an immunocompetent host, is facilitated by the immunodeficiency linked to this virus [4].
Reading this evidence
Use the full paper to check the study design, participant selection, comparator and outcome definitions before drawing a practical conclusion. An association does not by itself show cause and effect. A reported performance measure needs its denominator and uncertainty. A finding from a particular facility, sample or time period should retain that scope when it is discussed elsewhere.
This briefing makes the source accessible within the wider hospital systems desk. It does not assess an individual patient or certify a product. When considering relevance to another health system, examine the original authors’ account of context and limitations, then seek local implementation evidence. The related reporting below provides other studies to read alongside this one; it is a topic connection, rather than a claim that their results are directly comparable.
© 2026 Belay Merkeb Zewude, Wuletaw Tadesse Mekonnin, Desta Amensisa Tola, Negesse Bokona Rufe. Excerpts reproduced under CC BY. Selection, formatting and contextual notes by Health Signal. The researchers are the authors of the source study, not members of Health Signal’s staff.
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