Published in PLOS One on 2026-09-08, this study is presented as an attributed evidence briefing. The excerpts below are the original researchers’ words, reproduced under their Creative Commons Attribution licence. Health Signal has selected the abstract and, where needed, opening background paragraphs; the complete methods, results, limitations and references remain in the linked paper.
Original authors: Zelalem Addis, Zelalem Ayalenh, Zimie Ambaw, Tesfaye Feyisa, Bitewelegn Kerebeh
Source: PLOS One • DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0357581
Read the complete primary study ↗ · Creative Commons Attribution licence
From the researchers
Abstract
Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a critical component of Ethiopian cuisine, widely consumed in both its green and red stages. Despite its importance, the productivity of hot pepper in the Amhara region remains suboptimal, primarily due to degraded soil fertility and the depletion of soil organic matter. To address these challenges, a two-year field experiment (2021/22–2022/23) was conducted in Jabithenan District to evaluate the impact of liquid bio-slurry (LBS) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer combinations on soil chemical properties and hot pepper yield. The study employed a randomized complete block design with six treatments: (1) control (no N), (2) recommended nitrogen (RN), (3)75% LBS + 25% RN, (4) 50% LBS + 50% RN, (5) 25% LBS + 75% RN, and (6) 100% LBS. Each treatment was replicated three times. Hot pepper seedlings (variety Mareko Fana) were transplanted into plots measuring 4.2 m × 3 m, with spacing of 0.3 m between plants and 0.7 m between rows. Soil samples were collected pre-planting and post-harvest to analyze particle size distribution, pH, total nitrogen, organic carbon, available phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Yield and yield components were also evaluated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA in SAS software. The results revealed that integrating LBS with RN significantly improved soil chemical properties and hot pepper yield. The 50% LBS + 50% RN and 25% LBS + 75% RN treatments exhibited superior performance, enhancing soil nutrient content and achieving higher yields compared to the control. These treatments also delivered the highest economic benefits, with a marginal rate of return exceeding 100%. Among the tested combinations, 50% LBS + 50% RN is recommended for farmers with access to sufficient LBS resources and livestock.
1. Introduction
Hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is one of the most important condiments in Ethiopia used both in its vegetative and matured stages in almost all dishes, especially in the form of wot (locally prepared soup).Hot pepper is a vital crop in Africa and Ethiopia due to its significant nutritional and economic value. It serves as a rich source of essential nutrients, including protein, fat, and fiber, and contains beneficial phytochemicals that enhance its dietary importance [1]. Economically, pepper is a key cash crop for smallholder farmers, playing a crucial role in poverty reduction and food security [2]. Recent studies in Ethiopia highlight that the use of improved varieties like ‘Melka Shote’ combined with optimized fertilizer application significantly boosts yield and profitability for farmers [3]. In Ethiopia, hot pepper is grown primarily for household consumption and for earning cash income [4]. It is an important cash crop in western Amhara Region particularly in Jabitahinan, Burie womberma, and Guagusa shikudad [5].The area of production in the districts increased due to its high price in the market as compared to other major food crops such as maize which is widely cultivated in the region. But its productivity in the above-mentioned areas in the region (1.67t/ha) is lower compared to the productivity in Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (2.008 t/ha), Tigray (1.792 t/ha) and Oromiya (1.75 t/ha) regions [6].
Reading this evidence
Use the full paper to check the study design, participant selection, comparator and outcome definitions before drawing a practical conclusion. An association does not by itself show cause and effect. A reported performance measure needs its denominator and uncertainty. A finding from a particular facility, sample or time period should retain that scope when it is discussed elsewhere.
This briefing makes the source accessible within the wider research & evidence desk. It does not assess an individual patient or certify a product. When considering relevance to another health system, examine the original authors’ account of context and limitations, then seek local implementation evidence. The related reporting below provides other studies to read alongside this one; it is a topic connection, rather than a claim that their results are directly comparable.
© 2026 Zelalem Addis, Zelalem Ayalenh, Zimie Ambaw, Tesfaye Feyisa, Bitewelegn Kerebeh. Excerpts reproduced under CC BY. Selection, formatting and contextual notes by Health Signal. The researchers are the authors of the source study, not members of Health Signal’s staff.
Explore connected evidence
- Evidence brief: Synergetic effect of bioslurry and charcoal co – composted fertilizers on soil properties and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) productivity
- Evidence brief: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) yield and quality as affected by different integrated fertilizer levels in Wachemo University, southern Ethiopia
- Evidence brief: Stability analysis of seed yield and agronomic performance of black cumin (Nigella Sativa L.) genotypes in Amhara Region, Ethiopia
