Published in PLOS One on 2026-05-26, this study is presented as an attributed evidence briefing. The excerpts below are the original researchers’ words, reproduced under their Creative Commons Attribution licence. Health Signal has selected the abstract and, where needed, opening background paragraphs; the complete methods, results, limitations and references remain in the linked paper.
Original authors: Michael Agyemang Kwarteng, Osamudiamen McHillary Ogiemudia, Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, Okechi U. Amaechi, Grace Ogbonna, Edith I. Daniel-Nwosu, Ngozika Esther Ezinne, Oforbuike Onyebuchi Ike, Kelechi C. Ogbuechi, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
Source: PLOS One • DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0336195
Read the complete primary study ↗ · Creative Commons Attribution licence
From the researchers
Abstract
To assess the prevalence and severity of anxiety, depression, and stress among optometry students in Nigeria, and to identify demographic factors associated with mental distress.
A cross-sectional, web-based survey was administered to optometry students from 10 Nigerian universities between 16 April and 18 November 2024, with an estimated sample size of 427. Mental health status was evaluated using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 items (DASS-21). Collected data included age, gender, year of study, marital status, and DASS-21 scores. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic characteristics and the prevalence of symptoms. Binary logistic regression was used to identify associations between demographic variables and mental health outcomes, with significance set at p < 0.05.
A total of 474 students participated (mean age: 23 ± 3 years; 54.6% female; 94.1% unmarried). Overall, 51.1% experienced depressive symptoms, with 14.6% reporting severe or extremely severe symptoms. Severe anxiety was reported by 36.5%, and 25.1% experienced concurrent symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress. Nearly half (49.2%) had at least two coexisting mental health conditions, indicating a significant emotional burden and potential impact on academic performance. Female students had significantly higher odds of experiencing depression (OR: 1.66; 95% CI:1.15–2.39) and overall mental distress (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.03–2.43) compared to males.
This study revealed a high prevalence of mental health conditions among Nigerian optometry students, with one in four experiencing a comorbid of all three conditions. Female students were more likely to report adverse mental health outcomes. These findings underscore the urgent need for structured mental health support and preventive interventions within optometry training programs in Nigeria.
1. Introduction
The global burden of mental health conditions, particularly depression, anxiety, and stress, continues to rise, significantly impacting quality of life and academic productivity [1]. Recent estimates indicate that one in eight individuals worldwide lives with a mental disorder, with anxiety and depression being the most prevalent [2]. While mental health among the general population has gained considerable attention, there is growing evidence of heightened vulnerability among university students, particularly those enrolled in high-demand health science programs [3,4].
Students in these disciplines face a unique set of stressors, including academic overload, clinical demands, examination pressure, and future career uncertainties [5–8]. These factors are known precipitating agents for psychological distress. However, within the health professional training landscape, optometry students have received relatively little research attention, especially in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria, even though these professionals are a key segment within the health professional body [9].
Nigeria has seen a rapid expansion of its optometry program, growing from 3 to 14 tertiary institutions over the last four decades [10,11]. Currently, over 3,000 students are enrolled nationwide in a rigorous six-year Doctor of Optometry program that combines academic research with intensive clinical training [10]. Despite high enrolment, the program is often associated with significant failure and dropout rates, yet there remains a critical dearth of national data regarding the mental health outcomes of these students.
Reading this evidence
Use the full paper to check the study design, participant selection, comparator and outcome definitions before drawing a practical conclusion. An association does not by itself show cause and effect. A reported performance measure needs its denominator and uncertainty. A finding from a particular facility, sample or time period should retain that scope when it is discussed elsewhere.
This briefing makes the source accessible within the wider research & evidence desk. It does not assess an individual patient or certify a product. When considering relevance to another health system, examine the original authors’ account of context and limitations, then seek local implementation evidence. The related reporting below provides other studies to read alongside this one; it is a topic connection, rather than a claim that their results are directly comparable.
© 2026 Michael Agyemang Kwarteng, Osamudiamen McHillary Ogiemudia, Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, Okechi U. Amaechi, Grace Ogbonna, Edith I. Daniel-Nwosu, Ngozika Esther Ezinne, Oforbuike Onyebuchi Ike, Kelechi C. Ogbuechi, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu. Excerpts reproduced under CC BY. Selection, formatting and contextual notes by Health Signal. The researchers are the authors of the source study, not members of Health Signal’s staff.
Explore connected evidence
- Evidence brief: Stratified and geographic patterns of depression and anxiety in Mozambican women: Mental health policy implications
- Evidence brief: Unmet needs and quality of life of adult patients while receiving cancer treatment in Uganda: A cross-sectional study
- Evidence brief: Gaps in knowledge and use of artemether-lumefantrine among university students in Southwestern Nigeria: A cross-sectional study
